{"id":3032,"date":"2020-04-02T11:04:24","date_gmt":"2020-04-02T11:04:24","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/tomdenton.org\/blog\/?p=3032"},"modified":"2020-04-02T11:04:24","modified_gmt":"2020-04-02T11:04:24","slug":"staying-on-track-despite-malfunctions","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/tomdenton.org\/blog\/?p=3032","title":{"rendered":"Staying on track despite malfunctions"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>How driverless shuttles get safely from A to B Project 3F presents its results on automated driving at low speed<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>On course: vehicles can continue driving in spite of altered circumstances along theroute and technical failures in the system<\/li>\n<li>On board: people and goods transported on test grounds in Renningen and Aachen<\/li>\n<li>As a team: six partners involved in the publicly funded project<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Renningen, Germany \u2013 Ferrying visitors from tram stop to exhibition center, supplementing public transport routes, moving containers full of packages in a logistics center: all these are possible use cases for driverless shuttles. The main thing is for them to be able to get safely from A to B \u2013 safely in both senses: reliably and without danger. This is what Project 3F, \u201cDriverless and fault-tolerant vehicles in the low-speed range,\u201d set out to achieve, with a focus on fail-safe operation. \u201cThe aim was to develop solutions to ensure that automated shuttles can move around safely, even if a technical malfunction occurs or obstacles suddenly appear,\u201d says Steffen Knoop, project leader in research and advance engineering at Robert Bosch GmbH.<\/p>\n<p>Specifically, the project team was concerned with making sure that the system does not fail completely in the event of a fault, but rather that the vehicle can continue to drive. With 4.3 million euros in funding from the German Federal Ministry of Economic Affairs, the project featured Bosch as the consortium leader and involved three other companies, a university, and a research institute: StreetScooter GmbH, RA Consulting GmbH, the FZI Research Center for Information Technology, Finepower GmbH, and RWTH Aachen University.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/tomdenton.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/20190311mst_07305508x3097_img_w1600.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-3033\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"3033\" data-permalink=\"http:\/\/tomdenton.org\/blog\/?attachment_id=3033\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/tomdenton.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/20190311mst_07305508x3097_img_w1600.jpg?fit=1600%2C900\" data-orig-size=\"1600,900\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"20190311mst_07305508x3097_img_w1600\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/tomdenton.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/20190311mst_07305508x3097_img_w1600.jpg?fit=980%2C551\" class=\"alignnone size-medium_large wp-image-3033\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/tomdenton.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/20190311mst_07305508x3097_img_w1600.jpg?resize=768%2C432\" alt=\"\" width=\"768\" height=\"432\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/tomdenton.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/20190311mst_07305508x3097_img_w1600.jpg?resize=768%2C432 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/tomdenton.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/20190311mst_07305508x3097_img_w1600.jpg?resize=300%2C169 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/tomdenton.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/20190311mst_07305508x3097_img_w1600.jpg?resize=1024%2C576 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/tomdenton.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/20190311mst_07305508x3097_img_w1600.jpg?resize=1536%2C864 1536w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/tomdenton.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/20190311mst_07305508x3097_img_w1600.jpg?resize=210%2C118 210w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/tomdenton.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/20190311mst_07305508x3097_img_w1600.jpg?w=1600 1600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>Better safe than sorry: redundant power supply and sensor technology<\/strong><br \/>\n\u201cDriverless shuttle buses need to meet different requirements than, say, highly automated passenger cars,\u201d explains Bosch project coordinator Thomas Schamm. To operate without (safety) drivers, shuttles must be able to monitor their system autonomously \u2013 in other words, perform diagnostic tasks \u2013 and cope with any technical faults detected so that they can continue driving. At the same time, they must be able to secure the system in the event of critical faults, for example by bringing themselves to a stop. Project 3F has been working on what the requirements look like in detail, how the systems must be designed on that basis, and how to optimize the way the individual components interact.<\/p>\n<p>One solution is to build in redundancy, in other words to duplicate safety-relevant functions. For example, the researchers developed redundant systems for the power supply so that the electrical powertrain and vehicle electrical system are reliably protected. They also adapted and refined the sensor technology to suit the vehicle design. In order to reliably detect obstacles, they installed several lidar and radar sensors at various points around the vehicle, giving it the ability to observe its surroundings from different positions. By delivering a 360-degree birds-eye view and avoiding blind spots, this creates a kind of 3D protection zone. This setup not only detects obstacles on the road, such as barriers, it also spots things like hanging branches.<br \/>\nDetect, classify, adjust driving behavior.<\/p>\n<p>Another solution is to build in fault tolerance, whereby the failure of a subsystem is at least partly compensated for by other functions. This is a bit like how it is with people: if the lights suddenly go out in a room, we use our other senses and feel our way around instead of becoming paralyzed. The shuttle behaves in a similar way: if it is blind in a certain area, say because leaves are stuck to the sensor or a large object such as a dumpster is completely blocking the view in one direction, it slows down or omits the parts of the route that can no longer be detected.<\/p>\n<p>In addition, the project worked to ensure that shuttle buses can also react to altered circumstances along their defined route. The vehicles are programmed to slow down when any moving objects approach or, in case of doubt, to give unknown objects a wide berth. When they identify familiar landmarks such as streetlights, on the other hand, they resume their journey at full speed. If there is any imminent danger, the shuttle will come to a precautionary stop. The objective is for the vehicle to adapt its driving behavior to the circumstances in real time while also continuing on its journey automatically whenever possible, even in the event of system malfunctions or obstacles in its path.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Three times the telemetry, twice the usability<\/strong><br \/>\nData on the journey being undertaken and the current technical status can be transmitted from the vehicle and back to it. Information on three different functions is transmitted back and forth: diagnostics, monitoring, and control. So that is three times the telemetry, which is why we\u2019re calling it \u201cteletrimetry.\u201d This lays the foundation for an entire fleet of automated shuttle buses to be remotely monitored, as well as repaired or even controlled, for instance to open the doors. It means the vehicles will get help if they do ever reach their fault-detection and compensation limits, or if they simply require scheduled maintenance.<\/p>\n<p>The solutions developed in the project work not only for driverless shuttle buses. They can also provide robust support for logistics processes. Project members developed an assistance system for driver-vehicle interaction that enables highly accurate positioning of swap body lifting trucks \u2013 special vehicles for moving containers in logistics centers. The objective here was to move the vehicles with centimeter precision underneath gantry cranes to enable the swift removal of transport containers. This requires precise localization and a form of automated parking under the gantry. In practice, this automated maneuver enables error-free container collection and positioning.<\/p>\n<p>These developments were tested on several test tracks: at Bosch\u2019s research campus in Renningen, two shuttle buses trialed the transportation of people around a site shared with pedestrians; while at an innovation park near Aachen and in the area around a Deutsche Post\/DHL depot, a logistics vehicle was deployed to test the interaction between driver and automated vehicle.<br \/>\nFurther information is available online at www.3f-projekt.de (German only)<br \/>\nSupported by the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy following a resolution of the German Bundestag.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>How driverless shuttles get safely from A to B Project 3F presents its results on automated driving at low speed On course: vehicles can continue driving in spite of altered circumstances along theroute and technical failures in the system On board: people and goods transported on test grounds in Renningen and Aachen As a team: [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[15,35,3],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3032","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-automotive","category-concepts","category-research"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p79TdE-MU","jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":2808,"url":"http:\/\/tomdenton.org\/blog\/?p=2808","url_meta":{"origin":3032,"position":0},"title":"Automated driving in cities","author":"Tom Denton","date":"July 12, 2018","format":false,"excerpt":"Bosch and Daimler select Nvidia AI platform Bosch and Daimler to source Drive Pegasus platform AI processors and software supplied by the U.S. AI computing company Nvidia Systems architectures for fully automated and driverless urban driving must be versatile, redundant, and fail-operational. Bosch and Daimler machine-learning methods will generate vehicle-driving\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Automated driving&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Automated driving","link":"http:\/\/tomdenton.org\/blog\/?cat=38"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/tomdenton.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/bosch-automated-cars-300x169.jpg?resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":2575,"url":"http:\/\/tomdenton.org\/blog\/?p=2575","url_meta":{"origin":3032,"position":1},"title":"Datacentres: In the driving seat of the connected car revolution","author":"Tom Denton","date":"March 4, 2017","format":false,"excerpt":"Here is an interesting article by By Jorge L. Balcells (16 December 2016, 11:11 a.m.) on the IOT site: http:\/\/www.iottechnews.com\/news\/2016\/dec\/16\/datacentres-driving-seat-connected-car-revolution\/ When I started driving, cars were generating very little data. They got you from A to B without the addition of gadgets or gizmos. 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This\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Automotive&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Automotive","link":"http:\/\/tomdenton.org\/blog\/?cat=15"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/tomdenton.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/mec_view_lidar_und_kamerasensoren-768x512.jpg?resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/tomdenton.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/mec_view_lidar_und_kamerasensoren-768x512.jpg?resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/tomdenton.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/mec_view_lidar_und_kamerasensoren-768x512.jpg?resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/tomdenton.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/mec_view_lidar_und_kamerasensoren-768x512.jpg?resize=700%2C400 2x"},"classes":[]}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/tomdenton.org\/blog\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3032","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/tomdenton.org\/blog\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/tomdenton.org\/blog\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/tomdenton.org\/blog\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/tomdenton.org\/blog\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=3032"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"http:\/\/tomdenton.org\/blog\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3032\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3034,"href":"http:\/\/tomdenton.org\/blog\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3032\/revisions\/3034"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/tomdenton.org\/blog\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=3032"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/tomdenton.org\/blog\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=3032"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/tomdenton.org\/blog\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=3032"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}